Frank C Goings
Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show
Interpreter
William Cody with group in front of tent
CREATED/PUBLISHED
[1887?]
SUMMARY
William Frederick "Buffalo Bill" Cody poses with a group of people in front of a
tent in a camp for Buffalo Bill's Wild West in England. Nate Salsbury, owner and
manager of the Wild West Show, sits in the right center of the front row next to
a woman. A man sits between Cody and Salsbury. Standing behind Salsbury is John
Burke, press agent for the show, wearing a wide-brimmed hat. Red Shirt, an
Oglala Sioux, stands to the right of Burke. Red Shirt was the leader of the
Native Americans who toured with the Wild West Show during its first trip to
Europe in 1887. Another man is to the left of Burke. A stuffed buffalo head is
mounted above the entrance to the tent.
NOTES
Title supplied by cataloger.
Vintage photographic prints.
"Dad, Burke, Sioux interpreter" penciled in upper right corner of mat on one print; words "Left to right 1st Buffalo Bill 3rd Nate Salsbury - manager of Buffalo Bill's Wild West center back, John Burke press agent Indian is Sioux interpreter (Red Shirt) 1887 duplicate" handwritten on back of one print.
"1st European tour - 1887 London, Buffalo Bill's Wild West in England - 1887 Left to right - Buffalo Bill - Standing, rear - John Burke, press agent Sioux interpreter, Frank Goins - Front, at left of lady - Nate Salsbury - Given by the family of Nate Salsbury from his collection, in 1938" handwritten on back of print; words "Indian may be Henry Deer, whose wife gave birth to baby at New Brighton near Liverpool. Baby was named Victoria Deer (for queen) and maid in waiting came with present for family in honor of birth of first Indian child born in England" penciled on back of same print.
Image also identified as "F30510."
Family of the interpreter, Frank C. Goings
CREATED/PUBLISHED
1909.
SUMMARY
Outdoor portrait interpreter Frank C. Goings' family; it shows two Native
American (tribe unknown) women and three children. They stand in front of a
painted landscape backdrop in a dirt arena at Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show,
during the Golden West Exhibition (1909), Earl's Court, London, England. The
women wear dresses, silver disk belts, and large hairpipe and trader's bead neck
pieces. One dress is decorated with elk teeth, silver studs and ribbon trim; the
other is buckskin with bottom fringe and a beaded top. A boy wears a feather
headdress, beaded vest, shirt, pants, and beaded leggings. Two small girls wear
dresses. All wear beaded moccasins.
NOTES
Title and "The Red Man (Empress Hall), Golden West Exhibition, Earls Court
(Program, 1909)" and "The Goins family" hand-written on back of print.
Vintage photographic print.
Source: Rosenfeld, 1954.
Frank C. Goings, interpreter and family (not in programs)
CREATED/PUBLISHED
1909.
SUMMARY
Native American (tribe unknown) Interpreter Frank C. Goings
and his family stand in front of a backdrop that is painted with a
landscape scene for Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, Golden West Exhibition,
Earl's Court, London, England. He wears a suit, tie, and hat and holds a small
girl in a dress and bonnet. Two women wear long dresses with silver disks belts
and large hairpipe and trader's bead neck pieces; one dress is decorated with
elk teeth, silver studs, and ribbon trim; the other is buckskin with bottom
fringe and a beaded top. A boy and a girl wear feather headdress; he wears a
beaded vest, shirt, pants, and beaded leggings; she wears a fringed buckskin
dress.
NOTES
Title and "The Red Man (Empress Hall), Golden West Exhibition, Earls Court
(Program-1909)" and "W. TenEyck" hand-written on back of print.
Vintage photographic print.
WEST
SHOWS
AND THE IMAGES OF AMERICAN INDIANS 1883-1933
L. G. MOSES
He dismissed the complaint that Wild West shows degraded Indians. Critics were an odd lot. They found fault with Indians who, having taken "a few steps up the path of civilization," nevertheless donned their "fanciful toggery once in a while" to earn some money. Those same critics raised not a whimper of protest against plays like " Samson" or " Macbeth," or any others which depicted the "life and manners of our own race when it was still in a semi-barbarous state." 16 Leupp had known a good many Show Indians. None ever failed to appreciate the difference between the old and the new, the real and the artificial, "in spite of the fact that twice a day he puts on buckskin leggings, sticks feathers in his hair, and gallops his pony around an ellipse of tanbark." 17
All went well that first year for Earl Gandy and "The Red Man's Syndicate." Gandy paid the Indian performers a dollar a week more than the competition. As he reminded Brennan at Pine Ridge, "I, too, am an American, and all I want in this world is a fair chance, and I think by leaving this large cash deposit with you, that I am certainly proving that I mean the right and honest thing in every respect." 18. He was as good as his word. When some of the Oglalas wanted to travel about the streets of London unescorted, Gandy insisted that none could leave Empress Hall, the headquarters for the Wild West show, without permission. This they had to obtain from Red Shirt, back in England for the first time in many years, Frank Goings, the government chaperon of the troupe, or Gandy himself. 19
Gandy exceeded the requirements of his contract. When Red Shirt and other prominent members of the party decided that Charley Yellow Wolf and Alfred Running Bear had to be sent home because of chronic drunkenness and insulting behavior, Gandy booked their passage on the White Star liner Oceanic. He arranged by cable with people from Cooks Tours in New York to meet the ship and escort the returned showmen to the train for Rushville. He also put American dollars and English pounds in their pockets for incidental expenses along the way. 20 Frank Goings, an Oglala, wrote to Agent Brennan weekly. Late in the summer, he explained that, except for the incessant rain, the "Indians [are] all well and fat as Pigs as they get all they can eat and more too." A woman employed at Empress Hall had "taken to" Thomas Brown Eyes, a Carlisle alumnus whose language skills later won him government employment as an interpreter. Every morning, Goings found her teaching Brown Eyes how to type on the No. 5 Oliver Standard Visible Writer. Goings reported that he had tried his fingers on the keys, but unfortunately he would "never be able to run it." Brown Eyes typed the letter. 21
The show finished its run at Earl's Court on October 2, and on the morning of October 6 the Show Indians sailed aboard the Majestic of the White Star Line. Gandy's brother, Franklin, took them all the way to Pine Ridge. The adults in the party brought back at least two trunks, each full of clothes purchased in London. Red Shirt, Little Wolf, and Spotted Weasel each had five trunks. 22 John Brennan informed Commissioner Valentine that the thirty-seven Show Indians were "all well, look prosperous, and have no complaints to make about their treatment." 23 As a result, Gandy again received permission to employ Indians for the "Red Man's Syndicate," renamed the American Wild West Show Company, to perform at the international exhibition in Brussels, Belgium. Gandy left a bank draft of five thousand dollars with Agent Brennan as security. 24 As it turned out, Brennan would need all of it to settle the claims against the company.
The American Wild West Company was unable to repeat the success of Earl's Court.
Crowds proved disappointing almost from the opening of the exposition in May 1910. The company never met its expenses. By the first week of June, Gandy sent eight of the forty Show Indians home. He contemplated sending others. Business "here is terrible," he advised the commissioner, "not only for the Wild West Show but every attraction in the Brussels Exhibition." Gandy received a regular salary as manager. He pledged to use his own money, if necessary, to get the Indians home. 25 Frank Goings advised Agent Brennan to cash the bank drafts immediately and hold the money as "silver or Gold or Bills as they may send a cablegram to head it off." The company had already cut the salaries of its other employees and was pressuring Goings to circulate an agreement to be signed by the Indians to relinquish a third of their weekly salaries. Goings disapproved. The petition "dont suit me," he wrote the agent, "and I cant see my way clear. If I did get the Indians to sign it they would never forget me or you would not forgive me either." 26
The Indians hired themselves a Belgian lawyer for twenty-five francs (about five dollars) and brought suit against the Continental Amusement Co., Ltd., for two-weeks back salary and damages of ten thousand dollars. If they needed to, they were willing to abandon the Brussels exposition, "get out of here," as Goings put it, "on cover of darkness." Although Earle Gandy supported the suit "in silents," as Goings explained to Brennan, his brother Frank believed that it was only a ruse to hasten their departure for London, perhaps to salvage the remainder of the season. Some of the cowboys and cowgirls had gone to see the American consul, but he had offered no satisfaction. He informed them that he had no money to send them home unless they were "sailors, or seamen, or Indians." So "we are safe if this be true," Goings continued. The other actors, however, were a little worried. "These cow-boys and Girls," Goings observed,
are fighters from Fightersville and they beat up a East Indian nigger from which the man died. than a few nights latter one of the cow-Girl named Marry Ann Malone knock down two German gentlement with a right-swing on one and a short jab to the point on the jaw on the other and put them down for the count. They try touching her and kiss her and it was to their sorrows. A few nights ago they knock out a Turk peddler Two of theses cowboys done this. Indians behaving well and mind their own business. Cowboys are out with a chip on there shoulder both night and day. 27
But nothing came of the suit because Gandy and the owners "skipped" to London and left Goings "keeping the tram cars pretty hot" between the exposition grounds and the consul general's office. 28
June turned into July with the Indians still stuck in Belgium. As Goings told his former employer hiding in London, "if I ever get back to America, you never see me here no more in this country." 29 He explained to Commissioner Valentine:
We cannot depend on none of the officials of the Wild West Show company or Des Plaine Attractions Company. . . . Their storys dont meet together very well one official tells me some thing than the other says different from the other party, so I got so I dont pay no attention to any one only figuring on getting the Indians home. 30
Accordingly, Goings, with money forwarded from Agent Brennan, booked passage on the White Star liner Oceanic because it had brought them safely to Europe. 31 At New York, they transferred to a through car on the Erie Railroad, which changed again to the Chicago and Northwestern Railway. 32
Gandy wrote to Brennan requesting the remainder of his cash deposit. Hoping that the agent would take his word "as a white man," he reminded Brennan that the Show Indians under Frank Goings's care had "taken the most expensive road and boat that there was from Brussels to New York. This was also very much against my wishes"; but it pleased the Indians immensely. 33 They arrived back at the reservation tired, poorer, hungry, but not necessarily wiser for the experience. 34 Their misadventures had not dampened their enthusiasm for working in the shows. Most went out again. Even Frank Goings, contrary to his Brussels oath, joined a European show the very next spring. This time, however, he truly should have stayed home.
In April, Goings and forty-seven Oglalas from Pine Ridge signed contracts to perform for fifteen weeks in Paris at the Jardine Acclimation. 35 The show belonged to Fernand Akoun, a twenty-five-year-old Algerian who had begun his career in show business with his brother. For a while, the brothers had built and operated mechanical amusements. Only recently had they branched into performance. Their recent efforts won the endorsement of the office of the mayor. Akoun's exhibition at the zoological gardens was, according to one report, "appreciated by the inhabitants of Neuilly, and for that matter all of Paris. Not only is it instructive--it is appreciated by the poor." 36 Apparently paying customers found it neither instructive nor entertaining. In September, Akoun, out of money, closed the show and demanded that the U.S. consul general at Paris send the Show Indians home. He referred the diplomat to the five thousand dollars he had deposited with the Indian Bureau. 37 It was not until March, however, long after the Akoun troupe had returned to Pine Ridge, that Agent Brennan was able to get some of the money released by the Bureau to pay off the show's debts to the Indians and the agency trader. 38
Such developments annoyed Commissioner Valentine. Twice in two years, the Bureau had had to involve itself in the tangle of Indians stranded in foreign countries. Although events underscored the wisdom of Leupp's policy of requiring the shows to deposit cash to guarantee their contracts, the collapse of Earle Gandy and Fernand Akoun reflected badly on the Bureau. Valentine had continued Leupp's lenient policy toward the employment of Show Indians. As he wrote on any number of occasions when impresarios or their well-placed friends asked permission to employ reservation Indians, "as long as there is no expense to the government, the government has no objections." 39
In a commissionership that had stressed efficiency and honesty as its goals, efficiency had died amid many controversies that engulfed the Bureau in 1912. Exhausted and dispirited, Valentine resigned on September 10 before revising a policy for the employment of Indians abroad. 40
When Frank Goings joined Fernand Akoun for the 1911 season, his friend Thomas Brown Eyes instead decided to see Australia. He contracted with a John P. Tiffen to perform for fifteen weeks in Sydney. Brown Eyes was the only Indian in the show. Tiffen paid him a premium salary of five dollars a week. 41 The Oglala showman and Carlisle alumnus returned to Pine Ridge in the fall. The following year, when another Australia-bound show received permission to employ Indians (within a month of Valentine's resignation), Thomas Brown Eyes became the obvious choice of Agent Brennan for the position of interpreter and government representative. 42
For the eight Indians who joined the Bud Atkinson show, it seemed to be the perfect job. Not only would they get to travel to an even more exotic place than before, but also they would receive premium wages. Bud Atkinson paid his Indians, men and women alike, eight dollars a week. 43
After wandering around San Francisco for five days, the party sailed for Australia on November 19, 1912. Just after Christmas, Brown Eyes reported that; they had a "splendid voyage coming over and all [are] well at the present date. And this show is first-class and we are treated well which I hope it will continue." The party found the countryside beautiful. 44 M. C. Smith, the show manager, wrote to Brennan early in the New
Year that the show was "making a big hit" in Sydney. "All the boys are doing well," he explained, "and are satisfied except Henry [ Janis] and he is a bad egg." Janis had been drunk once and chafed under a reprimand from both Smith and Brown Eyes. He ran away for a day or two, but then came back. Smith did not think that anything serious would result from the scolding. "It is very warm here," he concluded, "and the natives do not like Yanks very much which makes it still hotter." 45 He was right about the weather and social climate, but wrong about Janis.
Janis ran away once the show reached Wellington, New South Wales, on January 30. "I dont think they can find him this time," Brown Eyes confided to Brennan, "but I think he'll stop in Sydney." Smith blamed the interpreter for Janis's defection. "On account of him," Brown Eyes continued, "I had little trouble with M. R. Smith and he discharged me, but I dont have enough money to go to Sydney so I am staying with the show yet." Brown Eyes put down his pen as government employee and put on Henry Janis's warrior costume. He made less money; but, as he and Janis knew, Australia was no place to be without food, friends, or a way home. 46 Within a short time, all the Indians shared their compatriot's predicament.
|
Janis wrote to his agent to explain his troubles. He had left the circus for the second time. The first time was because he "was not payd for some days now and still not payd yet. Second was not treated properly . . . off corse I have had my wages deduce on account of getting drunk but I have no kick against that but as for the rest treatment I will not stand for any longer." Janis went to the American consul, told him of his plight, but he "would take no heed of it." As one of the provisions of the Atkinson contract, Brennan held return tickets from the steamship company for each of the Show Indians. Janis asked the agent to forward one to his Sydney address, a rooming house. 7
In Melbourne the crowds disappeared. "I am sorry to say that events have taken a decided turn," M. R. Smith informed Brennan, "and I think we are ready to return." The manager, however, did not stay around to see the Indians safely aboard a steamer bound for California. He left them in the care of the American consul at Sydney, who arranged for their food and lodging. With just "enough money to bring myself and wife back to Frisco," Smith caught the first eastbound steamer. 48 The consul wired Brennan to release the money for the relief and return of the destitute Americans. 49 It was not until June that the Indians reached San Francisco. Thomas Brown Eyes had numerous misadventures to report since taking ship.
Eleven Sioux who hired on for work with the Sells-Floto Circus did not last the season. In separate letters, Philip Poor Bear and Bat Shangreau asked Agent Tidwell to intervene on their behalf with Zack Terrell, manager of the show. They wanted their "hold back" so they could buy train tickets home. Neither of them was making any money. Both remarked that they knew it would be wise to put up some hay for the winter. Bat Shangreau also needed a new saddle. 16 Tidwell sided with management. No matter. By the middle of July all the Indians had been returned to the reservation after they had struck for better working conditions. They resented Terrell's insistence that they perform manual labor in setting up and tearing down the big top. This labor certainly varied with Show-Indian traditions. In warning off prospective performers, Tidwell explained the labor insurgency of the Sioux contingent with the SellsFloto Circus. "It seems that show companies require certain manual labor of the Indians in connection with their demonstrations and exhibitions," he observed, "which is not particularly to the Indians' liking; hence there is not a great deal of enthusiasm among our Indian people for a show life." 17 The last statement, however, was wishful thinking on Tidwell's part.
Pageants, fairs, stock shows, and "powwows" collectively continued to employ the largest numbers of Indians, but for much shorter periods of time-a week rather than a summer, a month rather than a year. 18 The going rate appears to have been two dollars a day for a run of a week or two; a lesser daily wage for a month's employment. Monthly salaries averaged between thirty dollars and forty-five dollars. As always, contracts included food, lodging, and transportation to and from the site. 19 The fact that salaries remained largely the same for thirty years, at the same time that the demand for full-time Indian performers after 1910 declined, suggests that the status of Show Indians had also been diminished. In a sense then, as Gretchen Bataille and Charles Silets assert, by the 1920s Show Indians had become firmly established as stock characters like the stage Irishman and the comic Jew. 20 The largest employer of 1923 was Denver's Pageant of Progress between July 2 and 15. Frank Goings served as interpreter and chaperon. He remarked wryly that of the fifty Indians brought from Pine Ridge, Rosebud, Crow Creek, Cheyenne River, and Lower Brule reservations, each wanted to be head chief. When the pageant officials tried to feed them "weenies and nice ham," the Indians "kicked" and demanded beef. They got their preferred meat at every meal. 21
As a publicity stunt, the pageant organizers took a contingent of ShowIndian veterans to Buffalo Bill's grave on Lookout Mountain, west of Denver. Denver's Chevrolet dealers provided the automobiles that carried the troupe to Buffalo Bill's Memorial Museum. All the press-agentry in Denver, however, could not replicate the genuine outpouring of emotion. A number of veterans spoke in Lakota. Johnny Baker, the former "Cowboy Kid" and Cody's foster son, translated. Flying Hawk laid his war staff of eagle feathers on the grave. Each of the Indians placed a buffalo nickel on the imposing stone as a symbol of the Indian, the buffalo, and the scout, figures since the 1880s that were symbolic of the early history of the American West. Speaking slowly, Spotted Weasel recited at length the virtues of his deceased friend. He told how Buffalo Bill, once an enemy of the Lakota, became in time their best friend among the Wasichus. Pahaska ("Long Hair") had clothed, fed, and given money to many of them, in friendship and the generosity that obliges it. To many others, he provided good jobs. "With his voice shaking with emotion which he made no effort to conceal," a reporter for the DenverPost wrote, Spotted Weasel "ended his eulogy with an appeal to his benefactor's spirit to be with him and his tribe." 22
From Denver, some of the group went on to the Cheyenne Frontier Days, and afterward appeared at the Colorado Springs' fair for four days beginning the third week of August. It was only "piecework," but Frank Goings noted that the troupe was "getting pretty good feed now [and] plenty of meat." 23 While in Cheyenne, some of the Show Indians signed on for the Knights of Columbus Rodeo for July 28 in Denver. Goings noted that many in the party had been sending money home to their families. The troupe had eaten four beeves thus far, he told the agent. Indians were "looking good and getting lazy." 24
So great were the number of requests for Show-Indian participants at pageants and fairs in 1923 and 1924 that Commissioner Burke became involved. He complained that Americans were receiving the wrong messages about American Indians, first in exhibitions that celebrated the Indian past, and then in other ways that tried to mark the Indian as unique and special. Attempts by the Society of American Indians to set aside the second Friday in May as a national "Indian Day" were met with hostility.
In 1927 and 1928, Peter Shangreau chaperoned a group of Lakotas with the John Robinson Circus; Frank Goings and a dozen compatriots traveled with the Sells-Floto Circus; the Hagenbeck Brothers and the Sarrasani Circus each kept small groups of Show Indians--less than a dozen--on tour in Europe; and the Miller Brothers employed about thirty-five Indians from South Dakota and Oklahoma. They were smaller outfits. Indians did everything from performing in the rodeos, if that was a regular feature, to participating in the clown acts, usually as dupes for the jesters. 44 For all the commissioner's acknowledgments of citizenship, agents nevertheless made it difficult for any but the "unproductive" to go with the shows. 45 Even Frank Goings noted the changes that had taken place. For the first time, he complained about the Show Indians in his charge as "lazy" (though before he had often used the word lazy to indicate contentment and prosperity). Incidents of drunkenness increased markedly. 46 Agent Jermark ascertained that few Show Indians were returning at the end of their contracts with any money to show for their labors. They and their families, the "unproductive element" on the reservations who "get very hard up for foodstuff during the winter months," had become dependent on the shows for their livelihood. 47 Once the show closed down for the season, the Show Indians went hungry.
For his part, Frank Goings was glad to get his money. He was afraid the only thing he would have from his travels that summer was a tuxedo bought for him by a Boston philanthropist at a secondhand store. Nothing in the shop fit him except a stocking cap and the tuxedo. He wanted the cap; the philanthropist insisted on the evening dress. Goings feared that if the other members of the troupe saw him dressed in formal attire, "they would throw me in the Atlantic ocean" and be justified in doing so. He kept the tuxedo hidden from his companions. 52 He was glad to receive his back pay.
Joe Miller died accidently by carbon-monoxide poisoning in October 1927. His brother George took the show out the following season. George's death, in an automobile accident in February 1929, hastened the decline of the Miller Brothers' Wild West show. 53 To Zack Miller fell the neckerchief of leadership; but the organization was never the same. James Pulliam, an Oglala with the 101 Ranch show, spoke words that would have been echoed by countless Show Indians since the first tour of 1883. Writing to Jermark from Ogdensburg, New York, a few months after George Miller's death, he found life on the road exhilarating. "So far as I am concerned," he told the superintendent, "I like it fine here. If I had to pay for what I have seen so far, I would be broke the rest of my life." 54 Pulliam and his friends Howard and Alexander Bad Bear, Ralph Red Bear, and Charles Wounded had saved enough money to purchase a new Ford Model A in Pontiac, Michigan, and drive it home to the reservation. 55
The Miller Brothers' organization ceased to serve as contracting agent for European circuses that wished to hire Indians, something that it had done intermittently since 1913. European circuses continued to hire Indians; but they sent their own agents among the tribes. The crash also buried the last great Wild West show. Try as he might, Zack Miller could not keep the organization from going into receivership in August 1931. 56
Ray L. Wilbur, former president of Stanford University, a supporter of allotment, and a friend of Herbert Hoover, became secretary of the interior in March 1929. 57 About the time James Pulliam and his companions were off searching for America in their Ford sedan, the new secretary was busy composing a memorandum for release to the nation's newspapers. "Too much is being made of the Indian as showman cast in aboriginal roles," Wilbur mused. "Showmanship does not lead the Indian toward establishing himself on an even keel of self respecting independence." Quite the reverse. The Show Indian created a "masquerade of a manner of life that no longer exists and can not exist in contact with the dominant civilization." The worst examples of such degradation occurred when the well-educated Indian Americans "bedeck themselves with paint and feather and engage in the dance of their grandfathers." Their dances benefited only those who used them to attract visitors. "Those individuals and communities may profit," Wilbur explained, "but the wholesome development of the Indian is interfered with and he is hurt." The secretary pledged that his department would do all it could "to discourage this showmanship as distinct from the natural celebrations of the Indians carried on among themselves." 58
Some things had changed. Both the new secretary and commissioner continued to decry the exhibition of dancing tribes; but now, however, after years of heavy-handed attempts by Commissioner Burke and his subalterns to exorcize the dancing spirit from the Pueblos and the Great Plains, the Indian service would allow Indians presumably to be themselves, far from the paying crowds, and dancing to make their gods content. Likewise, Superintendent Jermark, with considerably less hostility than when he arrived at Pine Ridge, answered a request for Show Indians from Alice F. Fritcher, superintendent of public instruction in Chadron, Nebraska. Fritcher had wanted to bring a large group of Sioux to the Tri-State Fair at Crawford on September 6 and 7; and then to the county fair at Chadron on the following week. Jermark explained that, whereas it was true that part of his many duties as agent included the contracting of Show Indians, he now left it up to the professionals. 59 Older men such as Frank Goings and Peter Shangreau arranged the details for any interested party. Jermark's attitude had changed to such an extent that, when an advertising executive was looking to acquire "Indian relics" on the reservation, he could lament the loss of material culture. The executive was planning an advertising campaign for a bank that traded on the slogan "Since the Days of the Covered Wagon." Jermark advised that he should seek such treasure among the traders. "They're the only people with ceremonial garb and relics anymore." 60
Edited and with an introduction by Helen Winter Stauffer UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA PRESS LINCOLN & LONDON
I know Frank Goings. He's a relative of the Mrs. Goings who was a sister of Frank Gruard. Goings married either one of Red Cloud's granddaughters (or nieces) or one of John Y. Nelson's daughters. He does a lot of "managing" of the full bloods. There is a Little Soldier family at Pine Ridge, a good family. One is a minister, preaches in Dakota.
BY Luther Standing Bear
Edited by E. A. Brininstool
With an introduction by Richard N. Ellis
University of Nebraska Press Lincoln and London
JEANNE SMITH COLLECTION
GROUP 2 – PINE RIDGE RESERVATION FAMILY
AND COMMUNITY HISTORIES, 1993
Folder: 5 File Title: Grouard, Frank File Number: 37
Subject: Letters to J.W. Vaughn. Articles and notes exploring the origin(s) of Frank Grouard, sometimes also identified as Walter Brazeau. Includes a photocopy of a picture of him.
Source: Mari Sandoz Collection, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Names Mentioned: Idle Land Crops: Sally Twist (Twiss), Charles Twist (Twist), He Crow, William Garnette, Frank Gruard, Mick Boyer, John Boyer. Letters to J.W. Vaugh: Frank Grouard, Nelson Yarnell, Fred Hilman, R.E. Helvey, George Cohloff, David Gallino, Mitch Boyer, John Boyer, Charles Twiss, Sally Twiss, Woman's Dress, Minnie Martin, Nettie Goings, Joe Debarth, Sitting Bull, Sitting Bull the Good, Jules Ecoffie, Caddy Chouteau, John Brazeau, Picottes, Papineau, Black Lodge Pole, (Walter Brazeau), Frank Goings, John Cohloff.
Folder: 6 File Title: He Dog: Sandoz' attempted interviews File Number: 39
Subject: Notes taken by Mari Sandoz in her attempts to interview He Dog and others about Crazy Horse. (1) July 1-14, 1930. Mari Sandoz comments on her trip to Pine Ridge with Eleanor Hinman, the first Sundance at Pine Ridge in 65 years, and her attempts to interview He Dog. (2) Notes from an interview conducted with He Dog, June 30, 1931.
Source: Mari Sandoz Collection, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Secondary Information: See "Sun Dance: Pine Ridge" (Box 5, Folder 32) in this collection for a news clipping describing the 1930 Sun Dance Mari mentions in her "junket" notes. See also "Crazy Horse: Oglala Sources on the Life of" (Box 4, Folder 33) for the actual interviews that the trip with Eleanor Hinman produced.
Names Mentioned: Eleanor Hinman, Father Buechal, Helen Blish, White Buffalo or White Cow Bull, Philip White Calf, Left Hand, Doris Evans, John Cohloff, Frank Goings, Two Moons, Seth Lahr, Oliver Jumping Eagle, Red Feather.
Folder: 23 File Title: Red Cloud Family File Number: 58
Subject: Notes and magazine articles relating to various members of the Red Cloud family.
Source: Mari Sandoz Collection, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Names Mentioned: Red Cloud the Implacable: Photo list: Red Cloud, William Blackmore, Sitting Bull, Swift Bear, Spotted Tail, Julius Meyer, Little Wound, Louis Bordeaux, William Garnett, Rain in the Face, C.C. Marsh, Charles P. Jordon, Rocky Bear, Maj. John Burke, American Horse, Frank Gruard, John Y. Nelson, Buffalo Bill Cody. Gordon Journal photo: Rev. Lawrence Edwards, Jo Ann Gildersleeve, Silas Left Hand Bull, Leo Vocu, Alicia Bailey, Melvin Vocu. Indian Heritage: Music and Dance: Edgar Red Cloud, Louis Red Cloud, Agnes Red Cloud, Jojo L. Red Cloud, Spotted Tail, Lone Horn, Bull Bear, Trunk or Box.
Folder: 24 File Title: Red Cloud, James H. Papers, Folder #1: Correspondence File Number: 59
Subject: Correspondence, mostly from James H. Red Cloud to A.E. Sheldon Concerning Sioux Indians, Red Cloud, Standing Bear and Crazy Horse. James Red Cloud was a grandson of Red Cloud; Sheldon was the then-president of the Nebraska State Historical Society. Also includes letters from James Red Cloud's brother, Charles Brooks, and Harold J. Cook.
Source: Nebraska Historical Society
Secondary Information: See also: "Red Cloud Family" (Folder 23) and "The Greatest Chief Debate: Red Cloud or Crazy Horse" (Folder 4) in this box.
Names Mentioned: Agnes Red Cloud Elk Boy, Lulu Red Cloud, Henry Standing Bear, George Little Wound, Noah Bad Wound, Eagle Bear, Felix Slow Bear, Luke Big Turnips, Crazy Horse, James H. Cook, "Tubby" Howe, Charles Fisher, E.Y. Berry, Frank Afraid of His Horses, Jim Iron Cloud, and stationary of the 1929 Tribal Council which contains names of all officers and committee members of that council.
Folder: 25 File Title: Red Cloud, James H. Papers, Folder #2: Sioux Black Hills Council File Number: 60
Subject: This folder contains minutes of the Black Hills Council: April 4, 1918 and January 27 through February 1, 1911. The central focus of these meetings is the Black Hills Claim. There is also ledger kept by James Red Cloud entirely in Lakota included in this folder.
Source: Nebraska Historical Society
Oglala Names Mentioned: Clarence Three Stars, Charles Thunder Hawk, John Thunder Bear, Austin Red Hawk, T.J. Flood, Iron Crow, Jack Red Cloud, Running Hawk, Chase In Morning, Red Sack, Red Willow, Bear Nose, Crooked Eyes, Gets There First, Red Kettle, Red Hawk, Fire Thunder, Edgar Fire Thunder, Jacob White Eyes, Blue Leg.
Harrisburg Telegraph (Transcript)
Harrisburg, PA. Thursday Evening, October 20,1932
INDIANS INVADE HARRISBURG ON GOOD WILL TOUR
Sioux. Bound For New England, Dine Here, Sing Tribal Songs
The Indians were here. Twenty -six Sioux Indians in full regalia-twenty three chiefs and braves and three squaws - invaded Harrisburg peaceably last night, had dinner at the Y. M.C.A. toured the Capitol especially lighted for them and before leaving sang their tribal songs at Second and Locust streets.
Fifty or a hundred years ago the appearance of Indians would have sent Harrisburgers scurrying for cover, loading up the family muskets and preparing for battle. Last night a curious throng followed the Indians wherever they went.
On Good Will Tour
They are on a Good Will Tour to Waterbury Conn. Where they will visit with Chief Two Moon Meridas, spending a month before returning to the Sioux reservation at Pine Ridge, South Dakota. Chief Two Moon wants to sit once more in a tribal council.
Standing Bear, 73 was at the battle of Little Big Horn where the gallant soldiers of General George A. Custer were massacred in the 70's. Asked about the battle last night through an interpreter he grunted, "Let the Past be Past".
Many of the indians are veterans of the Indian wars. Chief Spotted Crow, 60, is in command of the tribe, Thomas American Horse, another of the Indians, is 63 years old. His father was second in command of Sitting Bull,
Warriors in Party
Other warriors in the party are, Kills Crow Man, who saw action in the Custer massacre. No Water who is 71, saw action in the Custer massacre and the Battle of Wounded Knee. High Eagle is 70. Little Bear 64, had two brothers at the old Indian School at Carlisle.
The Indians on their reservations have the same laws as the white man and they are executed in practically the same way. They have a Judge over the whole reservation who deals out the justice. He is the honorable Judge Bad Wound, Frank Goings is his marshal and makes the arrests.
Oglala Lakota College
SPECIAL COLLECTIONS AND MANUSCRIPTS,
Jeanne Smith Collection, Part 2, SC 245-317
At this time it is estimated that only 45% of the manuscript collections at Oglala Lakota College have been processed. The following is a preliminary inventory of processed collections as of 1995. Please use this list for general reference only, as a new inventory has yet to be completed, numbers may not be accurate, and arrangement of the collections may change.
SC 245-317 (1-72) JEANNE SMITH COLLECTION, NUMBER 2, 1800-1975
Family and community histories of the Pine Ridge Reservation. The focus is on the white men who married full-blood Lakota women.Following is the complete list of materials available for reference. Retrieval is by File Number:
File Title: Grouard, Frank File Number: 37
Subject: Letters to J.W. Vaughn. Articles and notes exploring the origin(s) of
Frank Grouard, sometimes also identified as Walter Brazeau. Includes a photocopy
of a picture of him.
Source: Mari Sandoz Collection
Names Mentioned: "Idle Land Crops:" Sally Twist (Twiss), Charles Twist (Twist),
He Crow, William Garnette, Frank Gruard, Mick Boyer, John Boyer. Letters to J.W.
Vaugh: Frank Grouard, Nelson Yarnell, Fred Hilman, R.E. Helvey, George Cohloff,
David Gallino, Mich Boyer, John Boyer, charles Twiss, Sally Twiss, Woman's
Dress, Minnie Martin, Nettie Goings, Joe Debarth, Sitting Bull, Sitting Bull the
Good, Jules Edoffie, Caddy Chouteau, John Brazeau, Picottes, Papineau, Black
Lodge Pole, (Walter Brazeau), Frank Goings, John Cohloff.
File
Title: He Dog: Sandoz' attempted interviews File Number: 39
Subject: Notes taken by Mari Sandoz in her attempts to interview He Dog and
others about Crazy Horse. (1) July 1-14, 1930. Mari Sandoz comments on her trip
to Pine Ridge with Eleanor Hinman, the first Sundance at Pine Ridge in 65 years,
and her attempts to interview He Dog. (2) Notes from an interview conducted with
He Dog, June 30, 1931.
Source: Mari Sandoz Collection
Secondary Information: See the file marked "Sundance: Pine Ridge" in this
collection for a news clipping describing the 1930 Sun Dance Mari mentions in
her "junket" notes. See also the file marked: "Crazy Horse: Oglala Sources on
the Life of" for the actual interviews that the trip with Eleanor Hinman
produced.
Names Mentioned: Eleanor Hinman, Father Buechal, Helen Blish, White Buffalo or
White Cow Bull, Philip White Calf, Left Hand, Doris Evans, John Cohloff, Frank
Goings, Two Moons, Seth Lahr, Oliver Jumping Eagle, Red Feather.
